Text genres and L1 education
Submitted by:
Bernard Schneuwly
Abstract:
Text genres are since ever a fundamental category for organizing L1 education: through classical school genres like, in French for instance, “narration, description, dissertation” or in German, “Bericht, Erzählung, Beschreibung, Schilderung, Abhandlung, Betrachung”, the teaching of writing was systematically organized in a pedagogical progressive order. In the context of deep changes in this matter towards what is often called a communicative approach since circa the 1970es and more systematically since the 1990s, other text genres entered school and the concept of text genre itself changed, referring to different linguistic, semiotic and literary theories (see, for instance, Rose and Martin, 2012, for Australia; Bunzen, 2004, for Brazil; Chartrand & Emery-Bruneau, 2015 for Québec). These changes happened more or less simultaneously in many countries all over the world and still go on in others. The symposium on text genres and L1 education aims at documenting these transformations in a comparative approach, with particular attention to teaching writing: researchers coming from different countries where text genres play a significant role in L1 curricula (Brazil, Portugal, Spain and French speaking Switzerland) will discuss about text genres perspectives in L1 education in their respective country, by following freely a common grid of presentation (see Schneuwly and Cordeiro, 2016):
- the place text genres occupy in syllabi (study plans) within a historical perspective;
- the main teaching methods, textbooks or teacher training projects developed for teaching text genres used to implement the study plans;
- the main theoretical references, be they linguistic, literary, pedagogical or, in European terminology, didactic.
The discussion will focus on common features and on differences concerning the concept of text genre, its place in school programs and the ways text genres are studied and taught in L1 education.
The general aim of the symposium is to lay the foundations for creating a Special Interest Group of ARLE on “Text genres and L1 education”.
References
Bunzen, C. (2004). O ensino de “gêneros” em três tradições: implicações para o ensino-aprendizagem de língua materna. In : Covre et al. (2004). Quimera e a peculiar atividade de formalizar a mistura do nosso café com o revigorante chá de Bakhtin (pp. 221-257). São Carlos: Grupos de Estudos dos Gêneros do Discurso.
Chartrand, S., Emery-Bruneau, J. & Sénéchal, K. (2015). Caractéristiques de 50 genres pour développer les compétences langagières. Québec : Didactica, c.é.f.. En ligne : http://www.enseignementdufrancais.fse.ulaval.ca.
Rose, D. & Martin, J. R. (2012). Learning to write, reading to learn. Genre, knowledge and pedagogy in the Sydney School. Sheffield: Equinox.
Schneuwly, B. & Cordeiro, G. S. (2016). Le genre de texte comme objet autonome d’enseignement : comparaison de deux approches didactiques. In G. S. Cordeiro & D. Vrydaghs (Ed.), Statuts des genres en didactique du français (pp. 83-108). Namur : Presses universitaires de Namur.
Keywords: Text genres – writing – L1 education – syllabus – teaching methods
- Clecio Bunzen
After the implementation of The National Curricular Parameters (PCN, 1998) in Brazil, genres started being regarded as teaching objects and texts as ‘units of work’. The evaluations carried out every three years by the Brazilian Ministry of Education, through the National Textbook Program (PNLD), also validate and legitimize textual genres as central teaching objects for teaching writing. In the Brazilian context, it is also emphasized that textbooks for L1 seek to couch the work with genres with: (a) some social and cultural themes (racism, consumption, environmental problems), (b) some grammatical contents to teach certain linguistic dimensions. For these reasons, the new textbooks for L1 produced in Brazil include different oral and written genres as teaching objects. In this presentation, I will analyze how six collections for the final years of elementary school (6th to 9th grade), approved by the PNLD (2017-2019), justify and present to teachers the work with textual genres and their teaching dimensions. Based on a three dimensional analysis (curricular perspective, didactic perspective and textual-discursive perspective), I propose to analyze: (a) which oral and written genres are chosen as teaching objects and (b) what are the teachable dimensions of the genres that are explored through activities and explanatory texts about the selected genres. Our results point out that the six collections present specific sections to work with writing and speaking with varied oral and written genres: literary genres (short stories, poems, fables), journalistic genres (news, reports, opinion articles), school genres (seminars, debates, abstracts) and advertising genres (posters, advertisements). Some sections of the textbooks seek to explore the genres in specific language practices (reading, analyzing linguistic and semiotic elements and written textual production), sometimes inserting them into class projects. From a methodological point of view, all the collections connect the teaching of reading to the work with orality and writing of the same or a similar genre. Furthermore, we notice that the main theoretical references for the construction of activities with written/oral production are based on an essay by Bakhtin (1952-1953) on the discourse genres and the translations into Portuguese of some works developed in the University of Geneva (see Schneuwly & Dolz, 2004) and Brazilian studies on genres and teaching (see Rojo, 2000; Dionísio & Machado, 2002).
References
Rojo, R. H. R. (2000). A prática de linguagem em sala de aula: praticando os PCNs. São Paulo: EDUC. Campinas: Mercado de Letras.
Dionísio, A., Machado, A. R. & Bezerra, M. A. (Orgs.) (2002). Gêneros textuais & ensino. Rio de Janeiro: Lucerna.
Schneuwly, B. & Dolz, J. (2004). Gêneros orais e escritos na escola. Tradução de Glaís Sales Cordeiro e Roxane Rojo. Campinas: Mercado de Letras.
Keywords: Textbook – curriculum – genre – teaching objects
- José A. Brandão Carvalho & Célia Barbeiro & Luísa A. Pereira & Fausto Caels
This communication aims at demonstrating how the concept of genre has been involved in the teaching of Portuguese L1 for the last 30 years. For this, we analyzed different versions of the Portuguese Language (L1) official syllabus (1991, 2001, 2009, 2012-2015, 2018) and other official documents, as well as some Portuguese Language textbooks in use nowadays or during the periods mentioned above. The content analysis of the syllabus focused on the presence/absence and on the specificities of the concept of text genre or related concepts and the methodological orientations related to its approach at school.
The results of the analysis show that the latest changes in the Portuguese Language syllabus include the concept of text genre in an increasing and extended way, that goes beyond the literary field.
However, and beyond general references to the concept of text genre, the current official syllabus still lacks a clear conceptualization of genre that might help in the definition and the categorization of specific texts genres according to coherent and well-established principles. These documents are also vague regarding the operationalization of the concept in different areas such as the teaching of reading and writing, the analysis of authentic texts or the evaluation of students' written production.
In what concerns textbooks, the content analysis performed aimed at: identifying and classifying texts according to their genre/type; verifying the presence/absence and the role of model texts; describing the instructions for text production. We concluded that despite the inclusion of a wider variety of genres, according to what the official syllabus suggests, they provide neither clear information about the principles students need to identify and characterize a text genre nor good examples of text genres that are very relevant in pedagogical contexts. In addition, there is an insistence on the traditional triadic conception of the textual structure (introduction, development, conclusion), without focusing on the specific organizational patterns of each text genre.
From a trans-curricular perspective, there are scarce approaches to the text genres used in other disciplines, disregarding one of most important goals of the Portuguese L1 classes, namely to prepare students for the literacy requirements of the school curriculum.
References
Joyce, H. de S., & Feez, S. (2016). Text-based Language Literacy Education: Programming and Methodology. Putney. Australia: Phoenix Education.
Pereira, L. A. & Cardoso, I. (2013). Reflexão sobre a Escrita. O Ensino de Diferentes Géneros. Aveiro: Universidade de Aveiro.
Pereira, L. A. (2014). Sumário de Lição das provas de Agregação. Aveiro: Universidade de Aveiro.
Schneuwly, B. & Dolz, J. (2004). Gêneros orais e escritos na escola. Tradução de Glaís Sales Cordeiro e Roxane Rojo. Campinas: Mercado de Letras.
Keywords: Text genres – writing – L1 education – syllabus – textbooks – teaching methods
- Isabel García-Parejo
This talk describes the design and gives data from a research project (PR26/16-20348) evaluating the impact of two teaching innovation projects aimed at providing a group of student teachers with training in the Reading to Learn (R2L) approach for L1 language education (Rose 2018, Rose and Martin, 2012), in two groups from the Degree in Primary Education at the Complutense University of Madrid. The innovation projects have been developed in two phases at the School of Education: the first one was oriented towards building shared knowledge about the different discourse genres in Spanish, retrieving, analyzing and classifying school texts written for a variety of educational levels. In a second phase, and through the undergraduate course Didáctica de la Lengua (Teaching Language), students have designed teaching units based on the R2L model for teaching literacy in different genres and disciplinary areas. We describe the characteristics of the teaching units the students designed, as well as their reflections on, and evaluation of, the experience. The initial results point in two directions: on the one hand, to the difficulties encountered by students as they learn a new approach to the different school genres in order to set and achieve learning aims, both linguistic and disciplinary; on the other hand, at the same time, the study illustrates the potential of Genre Pedagogy in teacher education.
References:
Rose, D. (2018). Reading to learn: Accelerating learning and closing the gap. Teacher
training books and DVD. Sydney: Reading to Learn. http://www.readingtolearn.com.au.
Rose, D. & Martin, J. R. (2012). Learning to Write. Reading to Learn. Genre, Knowledge and Pedagogy in the Sidney School. Sheffield: Equinox. (Spanish translation: Leer para aprender. Lectura y escritura en las áreas del currículo, 2018, Pirámide).
Keywords: Genre – writing – systemic-functional linguistics – teacher training